从合作原则看英语委婉语的使用

　　Here, "I ain't a kid" seems no relationto thisconversation. But there implicature meaning is only kidsplay-- I ain't kid-- I won't play with you. So, it is indirectrefuse of communicating. In English “to pass away” is used ina euphemistic sense for “to die” now. The denotation of “topass away” is “to go away for a time”; while “to die” means“to go away forever”. “To die” is euphemized as “to go away”

　　by violating the Relation Maxim on the surface, in fact, boththe two phrases have the relevant meaning to “to go away”.

　　Their difference lies only in the time, one is for a period oftime, the other is forever. So when the speaker use “to passaway” to replace “to die”, the hearers may infer theconversational implicature of “to die” from the relevantmeaning “to go away”. So with time goes on, it is now almostused as a fixed usage for “to die” in almost all thecircumstances.

　　5.4 Violation of Manner MaximViolation of Manner Maxim means giving obscure andambiguous information etc.. Sometimes under the communicativecircumstances, the speaker, in order to avoid mentioningunpleasant and embarrassed things in a direct way, saysomething obscurely and ambiguously, then the hearers shouldcarefully infer the conversational implicature of the speakerand what is their real intentions and meaning according to thespecific context. So we may find many euphemisms tend toviolate the Maxim of Manner so as to achieve the mild,agreeable, roundabout and pleasant-sound effects.

　　We can also take the following as examples to illustrate howeuphemisms violate the Manner Maxim. "A educator cannot say astudent is lazy, idle, stupid, or clever. Instead of them iseducationally and socially disadvantaged groups,underachieved, those on the lower end of the ability-scale,high verbal- ability subjects, disadvantaged homeenviornments, underprivileged child."[28] Obviously, thesewords violates Manner Maxim o f being brief.