从合作原则看英语委婉语的使用

　　In communication like the question-answer patterns inpress conferences, generally people or participants arerequired to observe the CP in order to make their conversationmoves forward smoothly and successfully. But in reality, inorder to meet a certain communicative need, especially inpress conferences concerning diplomacy, actually people seldomspeaks by always faithfully observing these four maxims of theCP. Therefore Grice himself also suggests 5 ways participantscan deal with these maxims. First, speakers canstraightforwardly follow the maxims, that is, they can speakthe truth while giving just enough relevant information in aclear, unambiguous, succinct and orderly manner. Many peopledo just that most of time. Second, someone may violate amaxim, as you would do if you told a deliberate lie. A thirdthing that can happen is that a speaker can ‘opt out’ of amaxim, this seems to be an uncommon occurrence. The fourthpossibility is the maxim clash; cases in which you would haveto violate one maxim in order to fulfill another. And perhapsthis is the most case of violation of the maxims in pressconferences. The fifth and most intriguing way to deal withthe maxims of conversation is to flout one of them. When amaxim is flouted, a speaker doesn't observe the maxim, butcannot be accused of violating it either, because thetransgression is so flagrant that it is totally obvious thatthe speaker knows he or she is not observing it and realizeseveryone else in the conversation knows it too.

　　The existence of the maxims of the CP makes theconversational implicature possible especially on theconditions like in press conferences etc.. Conversationalimplicature allows a speaker of any side in press conferencesto convey meaning beyond what is literally expressed. Speakersin press conferences can often use euphemisms or euphemisticexpressions to produce conversational implicature or moremeaning that the hearers can also figure out its realintentions rather than the literal meaning by violating somecertain maxims.